Physics of Sea Ice :: physice ice sea

Sea ice is frozen sea water. Salt ions in the water complicate the growth of ice crystals, and makes sea ice much more dynamic than freshwater ice. Sea ice covers nearly 7% of the Earth's surface, has a huge effect on global climate, and is one of the largest, single biomes on Earth. Ice is the solid, crystalline form of water, which solidifies at 0Â ºC. Roughly 9 polymorphs of ice are defined, only one, however, occurs naturally on Earth. This common form of ice is known as ice 1h, and its lattice displays six-fold rotational symmetry. The incorporation of sea salt or other ions in the crystal lattice of ice faces both size and charge restrictions, thus the salt and water do not form solid solution. This means that as the ice grows, the ions are rejected and most of them are returned to the water. Some, however, are retained within the ice matrix as liquid inclusions; creating a network of channels through with this brine travels. The network of channels and associated brine inclusions greatly contribute to what makes sea ice different from freshwater ice. These inclusions change the deformational, thermal, and optical properties of ice; making sea ice unique in several different ways. Growth of Sea Ice * The latent heat of freezing, or the enthalpy of freezing, for the phase transition from water to ice is 334J/g for pure water and just slightly lower for sea water. * The energy (heat) released from the freezing layer of water is conducted through the ice and released into the atmosphere. * The thermal properties of the ice and snow cover, as well as the energy balance at the top and bottom of the growing ice sheet determine the rate at which heat can be pushed out. * For an ice surface that is in thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere, conservation of energy mandates that the heat must flux in and out of the ice . * This can be expressed mathematically, and using calculus techniques the thickness to which an ice sheet can grow can be predicted for given surface temperature conditions. Motion * Sea ice does not float freely on the polar oceans , but rather is moved around, tossed about, and deformed as a result of several forces which act on the ice pack.

Michael Lehmans Heathers and Steve Jodrells Shame :: Films Movies Film Movie

Michael Lehman's Heathers and Steve Jodrell's Shame Throughout time the concept of gender and the corruption of power associated with it has been a very evident problem within society. Many texts have been designed to expose these issues and in particular the feature films’ Heathers, directed by Michael Lehman and Shame, by Steve Jodrell. Both these films have been heavily constructed in order to position us as the audience to take a very negative response towards the concepts of power and gender and further an ‘anti-conform’ attitude. Techniques such as narrative elements and codes and conventions have been used to mould these ideas and attitudes within the texts. Both the films Heathers and Shame can be deemed to be modern day Westerns however are quite subverted. They both develop the idea that conformity leads to tragic consequences. Heathers is set in an American high school, Westerburg, in 1988 and attacks the idea of a high school hierarchy, where four girls particularly one, Heather Chandler, has the power within the school. On the arrival of a new student, Jason Dean, Veronica, one of the four girls breaks away and conforms to Jason. As a result she is led to kill Heather Chandler and later the ‘footy jocks’ to make their school a better place. Shame on the other hand is set in a small outback, Western Australian country town, Ginobrak, in 1987. It deals with the issues of a small town mentality and that ‘boys will be boys’. As result of these concepts and issues, many young girls were raped and the town accepted this. As Asta, an outsider coming into town, stumbles across these rappings’, she helps and encourages a young girl, Lizzie to face the boys and lay legal charges. In both texts it takes and outsider the ‘hero’ figure to expose the corruption and help in acting as a catalyst to change. Gender relationships are a very explored issue within these texts. In a majority, anyone no matter if they are male or female who do not fit in or do not conform to stereotypes to an extent, can be cast out by that group. Whether it is, their looks, their behaviour, the way they dress, or the way they think and feel, they are judged as different. This ‘outcast’ idea is portrayed in both the films. In the two feature films, the most obvious ‘outcasts’ would be the two ‘hero figures’ the intruders into the created microcosm. Michael Lehman's Heathers and Steve Jodrell's Shame :: Films Movies Film Movie Michael Lehman's Heathers and Steve Jodrell's Shame Throughout time the concept of gender and the corruption of power associated with it has been a very evident problem within society. Many texts have been designed to expose these issues and in particular the feature films’ Heathers, directed by Michael Lehman and Shame, by Steve Jodrell. Both these films have been heavily constructed in order to position us as the audience to take a very negative response towards the concepts of power and gender and further an ‘anti-conform’ attitude. Techniques such as narrative elements and codes and conventions have been used to mould these ideas and attitudes within the texts. Both the films Heathers and Shame can be deemed to be modern day Westerns however are quite subverted. They both develop the idea that conformity leads to tragic consequences. Heathers is set in an American high school, Westerburg, in 1988 and attacks the idea of a high school hierarchy, where four girls particularly one, Heather Chandler, has the power within the school. On the arrival of a new student, Jason Dean, Veronica, one of the four girls breaks away and conforms to Jason. As a result she is led to kill Heather Chandler and later the ‘footy jocks’ to make their school a better place. Shame on the other hand is set in a small outback, Western Australian country town, Ginobrak, in 1987. It deals with the issues of a small town mentality and that ‘boys will be boys’. As result of these concepts and issues, many young girls were raped and the town accepted this. As Asta, an outsider coming into town, stumbles across these rappings’, she helps and encourages a young girl, Lizzie to face the boys and lay legal charges. In both texts it takes and outsider the ‘hero’ figure to expose the corruption and help in acting as a catalyst to change. Gender relationships are a very explored issue within these texts. In a majority, anyone no matter if they are male or female who do not fit in or do not conform to stereotypes to an extent, can be cast out by that group. Whether it is, their looks, their behaviour, the way they dress, or the way they think and feel, they are judged as different. This ‘outcast’ idea is portrayed in both the films. In the two feature films, the most obvious ‘outcasts’ would be the two ‘hero figures’ the intruders into the created microcosm.

Computer Technology: Ethical Issues and Codes Essay

Computer and networking tools provide considerable potential and capability principally as a means for communication, cooperation, and as delivery intervention. Internet users, for instance, benefit from the independence of carrying out various transactions, as well as counseling, through the Net. With this liberty, though, comes a significant accountability to utilize computers and the Internet especially, in a way which is secure, safe, ethical, and makes contribution to the general welfare of those involved. Counselors should commit themselves to knowing and being aware of the risks involved in utilizing computers and employing the internet superhighway. Sabella, R. A. (1999) noted what the computer and Internet technologies have generated relative to counseling issues: addiction of the internet, accessibility, pornography, sexual harassment online, safety, and security. With growing responsiveness, counselors can be more effective in making decisions regarding their behavior and computing online. One crucial issue of ethical computer utilization is the matter of confidentiality. The relationship of counselor and client is confidential and involves conformity with ethical standards, policies and laws relating to confidentiality. In Computer, ethics, and the school counselor (1988), Mudore presented a number of recommendations for counselors for safeguarding the privacy of records and making sure that the information is only accessed by authorized persons. These recommendations include: keeping the computer in a private area in order that student information can be keyed in confidentially; putting counseling records relating to student information on a backup storage disk; marking counseling disks in code instead of marking them â€Å"Student Information or Student Data;† protecting unauthorized copying of disks by detaching disk tabs, securing up disks, and not permitting disks to be taken out from their storage location; encoding a password before a computer can be opened to prevent unauthorized access on the hard drive; talking to other staff to convey concerns regarding privacy; and informing the school community regarding the challenges and issues generated by computer technology. It was also recommended by Sampson and Pyle (1983) that: only vital and essential information are kept; the information is accurate; the data are destroyed when these are no longer necessary to provide services; separate identifiable data is not maintained to which there is computer network access; and, separate identifiable information is not utilized for research reasons without the permission and approval of those who provided the information. Word processing programs and database programs are nowadays equipped with the ability to provide a file password. The benefit to these software programs is that if there is a password assign to the file, the file is encrypted in code and made it unreadable. Even though there is a possibility of cracking or hacking the code, it would take considerably broad programming knowledge in computer and access to the encrypted files. The disadvantage of employing this security aspect is that if the assigned password is forgotten by the counselor, then it is also pose a difficulty for the counselor to retrieve and access the file. It is, therefore, essential to write down passwords and accordingly put them in secure and safe access. It is likewise necessary to change passwords at regular intervals to further prevent infringement of confidentiality in the occasion a data file is stolen or unauthorized access. Passwords, on the other hand, should not be created by employing such characters as names, adjectives or birthdays that are quite obvious and easily deciphered. Passwords should be created using a combination of numbers and letters that are quite difficult if not impossible to decode and crack. Even though security measures and encryption have highly become sophisticated, illegal and unpermitted access to online communications continues to be a possibility without greater attention to security methods. Counselors who effectively practice online must not only legally protect but ethically safeguard their clients, themselves and their profession by employing all available and necessary security procedures. Other likely issues in using computer technology include: Competency. The counselor and the client should be sufficiently computer literate for the network environment to become a workable interactive counseling medium; Specific Locations. A possible lack of comprehension on the part of remote counselors of conditions, cultural issues, and events relating to specific locations that influence clients may limit credibility of a counselor or may lead to unsuitable interventions in counseling; Equitable Access. Does the price of online access present another impediment for getting hold of counseling? Does online counseling alienate further prospective clients who most possibly need counseling? Though having access to the Net, can a client proficiently engage online counseling without having a computer experience? Online counseling appears to aggravate equitable issues already dealing face to face counseling. Credential. How will licensing laws and certification apply to the World Wide Web as state borders are electronically crossed over? Will counselors be needed to be licensed and certified in all states or countries where the clients are situated? Will online counseling really be the thrust for a national credential acknowledged by all states? Is there a necessity to move for worldwide credentialing? Who will supervise international or out of state complaints? Cyber Care. Can counselors promote the advancement of real working relationships, caring and trusting on the Net? Cyber Client identity. Do you really know your online client? Does the client show himself or herself as an adult but in fact is a minor? Could the client have disguised his or her race, gender, or other personal information that could jeopardize the soundness or reliability of the counselor’s efforts? Counselors can make the plunge into cyberworld and apply present ethical standards and guidelines to carry out themselves in an ethical manner. Issues exist however but certainly the future will provide a platform in what signifies to be ethical as the precise nature of online counseling is learned.

Homeland Security

Homeland Security Community Threat Assessment Jesse Anderson Boston University Abstract The purpose of this brief is to provide Homeland Security with a terrorist threat assessment of the local community. It is suspected that an eco-terrorist organization is forming in the area. The organization’s structure, typology and force multipliers are analyzed. The primary goal of Homeland Security as listed in the National Strategy for Homeland Security is the prevention and disruption of terrorist attacks (Department of Homeland Security, 2007, p. ). Despite the fact that the largest terrorist threat comes from Islamic extremist groups, other organizations that pose a threat to the Homeland must be monitored by federal, state and local governments as well. As a nation, â€Å"we confront an ongoing threat posed by domestic terrorists based and operating strictly within the United States. Often referred to as ‘single-issue’ groups, they include white supremacist groups, a nimal rights extremists, and eco-terrorist groups, among others† (Department of Homeland Security, 2007, p. 10).Since September 11th, radical environmental groups engaged in eco-terrorism have been identified as the leading domestic terrorist threat (Vanderheiden, 2005, p. 425). It is my opinion that this type of organization is forming in the local community. Their actions thus far fall under the FBI’s definition of domestic terrorism, and their organization can be classified under a domestic geographical typology and a cause-based mode of attack typology. The organization utilizes a pyramidal structure with command, support, intelligence and tactical divisions.Technological and media force multipliers may be used to increase the striking power of the small organization. The FBI defines domestic terrorism as â€Å"the unlawful use, or threatened use, of force or violence by a group or individual based and operating entirely within the United States or Puerto Rico with out foreign direction committed against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives† (Federal Bureau of Investigations, 2005, p. v).Recently, vandalism and arson were committed at a local construction site in which trees needed to be cut down to make room for a new housing development. This unlawful use of violence in the name of an environmental cause meant to intimidate the company funding the housing development falls under the FBI’s definition of domestic terrorism. According to Ash (as cited in Kegley, Jr. , 2003), there are four things to look at when deciding whether someone is a terrorist: biography, goals, methods, and context (p. 62). Graffiti at the scene suggests that the offenders are associated with the Earth Liberation Front.In the past, this organization has had similar incidents of violence and vandalism to intimidate anti-environmental compani es all over the nation. The goal of E. L. F â€Å"is to cause targeted economic harm to anti-environmental offenders in order to remove the profit motive from killing the earth and all life on it† (Vanderheiden, 2005, p. 426). This goal is achieved through property attacks using methods of vandalism, arson, and bombings. Members are not oppressed, and have the ability to air their grievances and make their cause known peacefully.Thus, instilling fear in the public through violent property attacks with the aim of achieving political and social objectives can not be justified. Therefore, using the FBI definition and through examination of biography, goals, methods and context, it is determined that the local E. L. F. group is a terrorist organization. This organization can be classified through geographical or modes of attack typologies. Since the attack was committed within this country by residents of this country, the organization is classified as domestic (Goldstein, 2008, Typologies of Terrorism section).Under the modes of attack typology, this organization is classified as â€Å"cause-based†. This is because the group is devoted to an environmental social cause, and is using violence and vandalism to â€Å"address their grievances† (Goldstein, 2008, Typologies of Terrorism section). As the case with most terrorist organizations, the group’s structure is most likely pyramidal with command, support, tactical and intelligence subsections (Goldstein, 2008, Organization of a Terrorist Group section). The person in command is at the tip of the pyramid and oversees all aspects of the operation.The support section is responsible for the materials necessary for the attacks. Surveillance, planning, and target assessment is the responsibility of the intelligence section. Finally, the tactical section carries out the actual terrorist action. Although the local E. L. F. group is estimated to be small in number, force multipliers allow for th e â€Å"increase in striking power without increasing the strength of the unit† (White, 2009, pp. 98-99). This organization will most likely utilize technology and the media as force multipliers. Eco-terrorists like the E. L. F. re careful to cause damage only to property and not people. Therefore, the use of weapons of mass destruction is unlikely. Cyberterrorism, however, is a possibility. â€Å"Cyberterrorism refers to the use of computers to attack technological targets or physical attacks on computer networks† (White, 2009, p. 101). Many companies in this area that could be targets for this local E. L. F. group rely heavily on computer networks. The use of computer viruses to attack the information structures of these companies would cause a great deal of harm, making it a very attractive option.Additionally, media reports on arsons and bombings committed by the organization gives â€Å"recognition to their causes, grievances and demands† and can also serve as a â€Å"psychological weapon† (White, 2009, p. 205). As such, the use of cyberterrorism and the media as force multipliers should be anticipated. In conclusion, Homeland Security’s dedication to preventing and disrupting terrorist attacks in America has led to an analysis of suspected terrorist activity in the local community. Islamic extremist groups may pose the greatest terrorist threat to America, but there are still domestic terrorist organizations that need to be confronted.It is suspected that an eco-terrorist organization affiliated with the Earth Liberation Front has formed in the local community. This local E. L. F. group can be determined as a terrorist organization through application of the FBI’s definition of domestic terrorism and the examination of its biography, goals, context, and violent methods. The organization can be classified as domestic or cause-based under geographical or modes of attack typologies. Furthermore, a pyramid structure with command, support, intelligence and tactical subsections is most likely being used.Along with traditional modes of attack, media and technological force multipliers might be used by the organization to increase their striking power.

Two Mad Scientists: a Comparison of Hawthorne’s Short Stories “the Birthmark” and “Rappaccini’s Daughter”

Contents Contents2 1. Introduction3 2. A Comparison of Hawthorne’s Short Stories â€Å"The Birthmark† and3 â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter†3 3. 1 The Role of the Scientist3 3. 2 The Role of the Wife and daughter4 3. 3 Nature vs. Science5 3. Conclusion6 Works Cited7 Honestly Declaration8 1. Introduction In the main part of the following paper with the topic â€Å"Two Mad Scientists: A Comparison of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Short Stories â€Å"The Birthmark† and Rappaccini’s Daughter† I will offer a comparison of selected aspects, since the space is limited.First of all I will concentrate on the comparison between Aylmer, the scientist which is presented in Hawthorne’s short story â€Å"The Birthmark†, and Giacomo Rappaccini, the scientist appearing in â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter†. Furthermore I will give a comparison of both of the female characters, which are the victims of the scientists. On the one hand th ere is Georgiana, Aylmer’s wife, and on the other hand there is Beatrice Rappacini, the daughter of Giacomo Rappaccini.After I named similarities, as well as differences between the two scientists and also between their wife and daughter, I will concentrate on the symbols â€Å"nature† and â€Å"science† and how they are represented as contrasts within the two short stories. A Symbol in discussing literature is defined as â€Å"a word or phrase that signifies an object or event which in its turn signifies something, or suggests a range of reference, beyond itself. † Thus symbols can give the reader a deeper impression of the meaning of the short story and that is way I chose to focus on two of the main symbols within Hawthorne’s short stories.At the end of the following paper I will give a conclusion, which summarizes the most important facts and also evaluates the aspects of the main part. 2. A Comparison of Hawthorne’s Short Stories  "The Birthmark† and â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† 2. 1 The Role of the Scientist The two scientists Aylmer and Rappaccini, which both are main characters in Hawthorne’s short stories â€Å"The Birthmark† and â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter†, have several qualities in common. Both of them are presented as god-like scientists and very successful.Aylmer is described as â€Å"an eminent proficient in every branch of natural philosophy† and also Rappaccini is said to be a â€Å"famous doctor† and absolutely skilled in his profession. Either one of them is striving after perfection concerning their wife’s and daughter’s beauty. Aylmer married a beautiful woman who has a hand-shaped birthmark on her left cheek, which bothers him so much that Aylmer wants to remove his wife’s birthmark. In his eyes the birthmark is â€Å"the visible mark of earthly imperfection† and also the only defect of his wife, who â⠂¬Å"came so nearly perfect from the hand of Nature†.Therefore he wants to remove it with the help of scientific methods to make his wife, who actually likes the birthmark, perfect. Also Dr. Rappaccini uses his scientific skills to make his daughter, in his eyes, an object of perfection. Hence they both have the plan to create a consummate human being with the help of science. In addition both of them make someone who is important to them their object of scientific impact on nature. Aylmer risks his wife’s life by removing her birthmark while Dr. Rappaccini doesn’t care if his daughter is happy with the way of life which he has chosen for her to live.Both of the scientists, Aylmer as well as Dr. Rappaccini, have to learn at the end of the short stories that their beloved wife and daughter paid their husband’s and father’s scientific obsession with their lives. However, despite the many similarities between Aylmer and Dr. Rappaccini, there are also a few crucial differences. While Aylmer wants to make his wife a perfect human being by removing her â€Å"symbol of imperfection†, Dr. Rappaccini uses at first his only his daughter as a subject for his scientific experiment and later on he even uses a stranger for his trial, without concerning whether it could harm him or not.Another difference between the two scientists is the way they want to change or impact something. Aylmer wants to remove something which is already existent, his wife’s birthmark. In contrast, Dr. Rappaccini modified his daughter with the help of scientific methods from the moment she was born when he connected her life to the poisonous shrub in his garden. 2. 1 The Role of the Wife and Daughter Just like the two scientists, the two female characters have several similarities to offer. Both, Georgiana and Beatrice are beautiful women which became victims of the scientific obsession of their husband and father.Georgiana is described as a beautiful woman and also Beatrice is characterized as â€Å"a young girl, arrayed with as much richness of taste as the most splendid of the flowers, beautiful as the day. † After their description of beauty and pureness their ‘mistake’ is revealed. Georgiana carries a hand-shaped birthmark on her cheek, which was loved and cherished by her former lovers, envied by other women but hated by her own husband. Also Beatrice’s dark character treats are revealed when the young Giovanni Guasconti observed her poisonous breath and her relationship to the mysterious shrub.Thus Beatrice can be compared to the flowers in Dr. Rappaccini’s garden; she is beautiful but poisoned. At the end of the short stories both of the young females die and their former beauty and perfection are destroyed. While Georgiana dies after her husband tried to remove her birthmark, Beatrice dies after she drank an antidote, which was given to her by Giovanni Guasconti, to free herself out of h er father’s scientific experiments. Beside the many similarities there are also a few differences between Georgiana and Beatrice which are revealed throughout the story line.Aylmer’s wife Georgiana is changed by the scientific actions of her husband in the course of the short story. In comparison to Georgiana, Beatrice’s scientific change is performed from the moment she was born by the sprouting of the shrub in her father’s garden, which symbolizes the â€Å"offspring of his science, of his intellect†. According to this, Georgiana’s appearance is natural until the moment when Aylmer tries to remove the birthmark, but Beatrice is changed by science since she was born. Nature vs. ScienceIn both of Hawthorne’s short stories the symbols of nature as well as science play a decisive role. In â€Å"The Birthmark† science is symbolized by the scientist Aylmer, who is able to produce all kinds of scientific perfumes and liquids is not able to control his wife’s nature. Nature is symbolized by Georgiana’s natural beauty and of course by her birthmark which also symbolizes the mightiness of nature. In the end science fails to control nature with the result of Georgiana’s death and Aylmer’s unhappiness after he has lost his beloved wife.In â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† Dr. Rappaccini’s garden symbolizes nature on the one hand and science on the other hand at the same time. All the numerous and beautiful flowers are linked to nature at the first glance but, when their poisonousness is revealed, the connection to science is made instantly. Rappaccini uses his garden and also his daughter to embody his scientific powers and to achieve his personal goals. Just as in â€Å"The Birthmark† science is not able to control nature. In the end Dr.Rappaccini’s poisoned daughter dies after she tried to fight science by drinking an antidote. 3. Conclusion As it emerges of my paper about the comparison of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short stories â€Å"The Birthmark† and â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter†, there are numerous aspects between Aylmer and Dr. Rappaccini, as well as between Georgiana and Beatrice, which can be seen as very similar and also aspects which are completely different from one another. Another very important aspect which I analyzed throughout the composition of my paper, are the two symbols nature and science.Even today there are lots of discussions about the change of nature by science. A current example for this is pre-implantation diagnostics, a procedure in which embryos are produced by in-vitro fertilization to make sure they don’t suffer from a genetic disease before the embryos are implanted in the uterus. This topic leads to controversial discussions because the embryos which aren’t used after the examination are thrown out. In addition pre-implantation diagnostics is a current example of science trying to control nature.Even if the result sometimes is not perfect, nature should be allowed to run its course. 1,383 words Works Cited Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Boston: Thomson, 2005. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Mosses from an Old Manse. Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1900. 48-78. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Mosses from an Old Manse. Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1900. 125-178 Honestly Declaration I hereby declare that the work submitted is my own and that all passages and ideas that are not mine have been fully and properly acknowledged.I am aware that I will fail the entire course should I include passages and ideas from other sources and present them as if they were my own. ———————- ————– Signature Date ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Abrams, M. H. : A Glossary of Literary Terms. p. 320. [ 2 ]. Hawthorne, N. : Mosses from an Old Manse. p. 36. [ 3 ]. (ibid. 129) [ 4 ]. (ibid. 37) [ 5 ]. (ibid. ) [ 6 ]. (ibid. ) [ 7 ]. (ibid. 39) [ 8 ]. (ibid. 133) [ 9 ]. (ibid. 38) [ 10 ]. (ibid. 141,42) [ 11 ]. (ibid. 171) [ 12 ]. (ibid. 56)

Deadly Unna Film Essay

Australian Rules A comparative review by Anita Jetnikoff (QUT) for Australian Screen Education. Published as: Jetnikoff, Anita (2003) Australian Rules: a comparative review. Australian Screen Education(30):36-38. The title may mislead some viewers, as this is not a film about a football code, anymore than Bend it with Beckham is about soccer. This powerful, brave and rather brutal feature is the debut of Paul Goldman, who co-wrote the screenplay with the novelist Phillip Gwynne. Both the storylines and characters from Gwynne’s awardwinning novel Deadly Unna? nd its sequel Nukkin Ya, have been combined in the film, which was commissioned by South Australian Film Corporation for the Adelaide Festival of Arts 2002, and caused a furore with the local Aboriginal community. The film was screened after much deliberation over the objections against depictions of a character resembling a member of the Penninsular community. This certainly suggests collaboration with Indigenous communities could have been sought at earlier stages of the project. In my reading of the film, however, it is the white community who emerge the more brutal, bigoted and shameful. The Aboriginal community, on the other hand, represent solidarity, and sharing. The film was released and promoted by Palace, with the slogan ‘live by the rules play by the rules’. There is, however, an almost apartheid divide between the black [Nunga) and white [Goonya) communities in this film and the central character’s personal navigating between the two, means he must break unwritten rules. The film is based on aspects of two novels, the partly autobiographical novel Deadly Unna, and its sequel, Nukkin Ya, Nunga expressions for ‘Great hey’ and ‘See you later’. Both novels were easy to read and full of humour in spite of the serious subject matter of racism, interracial relationships, adolescent angst, death and revenge. The novels belong to the adolescent problem or coming-of-age genre and are being studied in secondary schools. The film has little of the novels’ lightness and the narrator’s ability to laugh at himself and his community’s foibles. This sometimes disturbing film’s tone is brutal, the landscape stark, sordid and in decay. Most of the characters occupying the saline, arid coastal town are nasty. The adult men are barflies, maggot breeders, fornicators and losers and the women are victims or sluts. This hopeless adult world offers nothing for the young in this fishing town. Viewers are invited to identify with the young, for whom hope lies in escape. The central figure of Blacky (Nathan Phillips), is an intelligent 14 year old caught between the literary world of his imagination and the literal world of his small towns’ bigotry. His mother, who encourages him to play football and to do well at school, is a battler, a victim of his father’s brutality. The dilapidated house the Black family occupy oozes poverty and neglect. These are white fringe dwellers. In the novel Blacky refers to what kind of chops the family will consume as indicative of the ‘pov metre’. They shop at the local op shop. Like many small rural Australian towns, this coastal community struggles to survive. The black and white communities in the region are divided, separated physically by a stretch of coastline, whites at the port and blacks at the point. Even the local pub segregates the Aboriginal drinkers from the white ones. The irony is that the local football team is only viable when the Aboriginal boys come over from the point to play. The sporting fixture allows the communities to merge, but the union stops there. Blacky crosses the racial divide to befriend Dumby Red (Luke Carroll) a talented Aboriginal Australian Rules Player from the Point and to romance Dumby’s sister Clarence (Lisa Flanagan). Whereas book built up the friendship through Blacky’s doubt and hesitation about Dumby, this is not dealt with in the film. The film opens with the two characters already mates, sitting together in the dilapidated shed of the red dirt football field, commiserating over the ineffectiveness of their coach, Arks (Kevin Harrington). Dumby’s spectacular football prowess has been spotted by a city talent scout, which sets up the need for him to win best Player in the final against a much stronger team. A contract to a city football team would mean a possible escape from the bigotry and emptiness of the Penninsular—his chance to be a sporting success. Blacky finds himself an unwitting hero and awarded best team man for winning the premiership game. He unwittingly collides with the toughest star player on the opposing team and is knocked unconscious, along with his gigantic opponent. The shooting sequences of the match were not especially riveting, but this was in keeping with the importance of the game to the story. The film is not about winning or losing, but the personal integrity of the play or the journey in the ongoing process of discovering identity. The medal for ‘Best on the Ground’, rightly belonged to Dumby Red. His ticket out of the hopeless community, however, was denied to him, because rather than kicking a sure goal, he had passed a ball to a cousin who had not handled the ball all day. The cultural code of sharing was stronger than the competitive need to win. In the film, the loss of the award to the coach’s son paves the way for Dumby’s tragic demise. He joins Pretty (Tony Briggs) in an armed robbery of the pub, perhaps to extract an alternative prize to the one he’d been denied. The publican, Mac, laid out in a drunken stupor on the pool table, is beaten even more senseless by Pretty. The noise rouses Blacky’s father (Simon Westaway) who shoots and kills his son’s friend Dumby Red in revenge for the publican’s beating. In the novel the publican was the murderer, but the film’s central villain is Blacky’s father, Bob, who represents fear, loathing and menace. His violent rages left his own family in fear of him. In one memorable scene they escape his menacing torment of their mother behind closed doors by escaping through the window and sleeping in the chicken coop. The feeling is that this experience was not new to them. Blacky is torn in the novel between his initial attraction to Clarence in Deadly Unna, which he conceals from his white ‘friends’ in order to attract the attention of a rich white ‘camper’ girl. In the sequel this relationship between Blacky and Clarence and Blacky and his father represent two kinds of coming of age. His masculinity is tested early on in a storm at sea and later when he was caught in the shed stealing paint to cover a racist slogan in the local boatshed. His intelligence means little to his father, and his good grades and scholarship to Kings College in Adelaide are ignored. In the sequel Nukkin Ya, the filial relationship seems almost mended when his father takes on the renovation of a ‘windjammer’ to bring potential tourism to the town. His father’s project becomes obsessive at the expense of putting food on the family’s table, but the male relationship seems to be temporarily repaired along with the boat, which becomes symbolic of rebuilding strength, unity and hope around the fantasy of the future. In the novels we experience Blacky’s angst at discovering his father’s infidelity to his mother. Blacky and his friend Pickles, stumble upon their adulterous fathers visiting the Aboriginal women at the point. The irony of this is that the entire community seemed set gainst the burgeoning love relationship between Blacky and Dumby’s sister Clarence. The fact that the cross-race relationship of the father is not dealt with in the film makes his violent reaction to finding Clarence innocently sleeping alongside Blacky in his bedroom connected more with his hatred of Aboriginal people, than it is to do with his guilt over murdering Dumby Red. It is a response reduced to racism alone, rather than his own guilt and hypocrisy, which in the novels is built up subtly through the two volumes. The antagonist in the second novel, having moved away from the father, is embodied by the figure of Lovely (Pretty, in the film) who menaces Blacky over his relationship with Clarence. Lovely sports a hate tattoo on his fingers and is a violent instigator in both book and film. The disclosure of the white men’s infidelity at the expense of the black women, who remain nameless and faceless, leads to the climax of the second novel. The boat is set alight, which symbolizes the death of the relationships between Blacky and his father and his community. Lovely is framed, Blacky absolves Lovely in court by taking the blame, but Pickles (Tom Budge ) was the real arsonist. This false confession, leads to Blacky becoming a cipher in his own town, where boats and the sea are peoples workplaces. He becomes a ‘boat burner’ in the cultural imaginary and is forced to leave. In the film this purging is less powerful and seems to emerge from some kind of corporate malice rather than revenge. Pickles manically sets alight rival maggot breeder Darcy’s breeding drums, which has less symbolic poignancy than the boat burning in the novel. Blacky’s central challenge in the film is to reaffirm his masculinity by standing up to his father, through the relationship with Clarence. Blacky is constructed by his father as a ‘gutless wonder. ’ Blacky’s painful journey to manhood, is much harsher in the film than the book. In the novel the father is a violent adulterer, but in the film, he kills Blacky’s best friend. Blacky’s attendance at Dumby’s funeral represents a betrayal of familial solidarity in the eyes of the father. The relationship was not strong enough however, for Blacky to take his father’s side. At this point, Blacky abdicates from identifying with his father. He has begun to flee the emasculated self constructed by his father, towards a more potent, sexual self, embodied by his attraction and identification with the other through the literal ‘body’ of Dumby and the physical, sexual body of Clarence. What is morally worrisome is that the father, who both Blacky and the viewer see as a murderer, continues to live in the community with impugnity, the ‘common sense’ gap we fill is that he claims he shot Dumby in selfdefense. Blacky courageously resists his father’s imperative to stay away from the funeral. In the film’s powerful and moving climax, the battered, but united family in the background witnesses the final stand off between father and son. Blacky literally stands up to his father, not by competing in battle of fists, but resisting by sheer will and strength of character. The father leaves in a vicious rage and we can’t help feeling that the family will be better off with him gone. The second novel Nukkin Ya begins with hope of Blacky taking a scholarship at Kings in Adelaide. His girlfriend Clarence achieves a scholarship to art school and Blacky has a reason to follow her. The film ends with the two young lovers romantically swimming in the clear waters, symbolically cleansing themselves of the grime and grease of prejudice, which had tainted their relationship until that point. The film treats the romance in a much lighter way than the books. There is no stand off between the characters; in fact Clarence becomes Blacky’s bridge between the two cultures. In the film it is Clarence who stands up to Bob Black in Blacky’s bedroom with dignity and silent resistance. Lisa Flanagan’s performance was elegant and dignified. It was Clarence who gently cut through the wall of hostility from the Nunga boys at her brother’s funeral- allowing Blacky to mourn his friend’s death. It was Clarence who understood Blacky’s poetic allusions to dying stars- these two are cosmically connected and there is an almost Shakespearean sense of their fate. The love scenes provide the film’s only softness and the resolution, although moving, is not sentimental. The young people must leave the still-divided community, to survive together.

A Biographical Sketch of Arnold Schoenberg Research Paper

A Biographical Sketch of Arnold Schoenberg - Research Paper Example The artist composed music in different styles attracting a mixture of reactions from the audience including students, friends, and other Viennese audiences. Some of his works later contributed to hatred from his musical enemies. The early life and music Arnold Schoenberg was born to a merchant Samuel Schoenberg and Pauline in Vienna, Austria, on September 13, 1874 (ThinkQuest, para.1). Schoenberg was born in a family that had no particular musical history (Rovi Corporation, para.2). His father died in 1890 when he was aged 16 after which he became an apprentice with some bank shortly. As such, he had to learn much of the music styles through self-teaching and reliance on friends. The artist learnt to play violin and began to compose at the early age of eight years (ThinkQuest, para.1). He had shown aptitude for music composition at the early age. He also began to learn and acquire skills from his friends. One of the artists who helped him develop his talents was Oskar Adler, who gave him rudimentary instructions in harmony and counterpoint (Rovi Corporation, para.2). In 1891, Schoenberg joined the orchestra â€Å"Polyhymnia† and met Alexander von Zemlinsky, the conductor of the orchestra; they would be friends throughout their lives (ThinkQuest, para.1). Zemlinsky, who would later be his brother-in-law, taught Schoenberg composition skills. This was the only formal instruction of this nature that the artist received in music. The early works of the artist in this career involved teaching privately and in other institutions and occasionally orchestrating operettas. He was a conductor of the metalworker-choir. Schoenberg got married to Zemlinsky’s sister, Mathilde, in 1901 and he moved with his wife to Berlin. The marriage was shaken at one point whereby Mathilde got married to another artist. They reunited later before her death in 1923. Schoenberg later got married ten months later to another woman, a sister to another artist. Music styles Schoenb erg developed his first original composition, some few piano pieces, at the age of twenty. The early musical compositions by this artist bore the image of the German Romanticism. This was particularly evident in his first composition Verklarte Nacht, Op.4 composed in 1899. This work was romantic and rich in harmony and color making this earlier work to be easy to comprehend and listen to (ThinkQuest, para.7). In the later developments, the artist concentrated in atonal music that did not have the structure of the traditional tonality. This formed the basis of criticism from his detractors. Nonetheless, the style attracted a large faithful following. He became an instructor in music. Some of the active followers would later become his pupils after establishing his private institution. The two most identifiable pupils of the artist are Alban Berg an Anton Webern. The two pupils developed their skills in music and would later match their trainer in style and composition ability. Workin g together, the three musical composers were the corner stones in the development of the atonal and 12-tone music that rocked the music industry in the first half of the twentieth century While in Berlin, Schoenberg was appointed to teach at Stern Academy in Berlin (ThinkQuest, para.3). In 1903, he returned to Vienna and established a private teaching academy. Berg and Webern became his first pupil. Schoenberg received further support from Zemlensky and another friend, Gustav Mahler, towards the real composition of atonal pieces (ThinkQuest) Gustav Mahler was the director of court opera. Schoenberg had now begun to move away from tonality towards atonal composition. He later composed some works and performed in a legendary in